Computer-Aided Thermodynamic Tables

The definition of the thermodynamic properties of a system depends on the thermodynamic state occupied by the system. A thermodynamic condition is defined by specifying the entropy and the energy of the system. A series of such states, called a thermodynamic cycle, forms the basis for calculation of thermodynamic properties. The state of a system is defined by given values (temp, pressure, energy) of the system. The thermodynamic state of a reference system is defined as having an entropy and an energy equivalent to the specified values of a system. The entropy and the energy are obtained by summing over the interactions of each individual molecule in the system. The thermodynamic state of a system then consists of values of entropy and energy specified by the thermodynamic state of the reference system.

Each atom in a system has a fixed number of valence electrons. When these electrons are in their valent state, they are strongly bound to the nucleus. Since they are more strongly bound than they are to the nucleus, they spend most of their time close to it. In this state, with the nucleus providing the attraction, and the electrons providing the repulsion, the individual atoms of a system are independent of each other and can be considered as elementary particles. When the atoms of a system are completely confined, they may become independent from each other as a liquid in which the atoms are free to move around in the liquid. If the atoms of such a system become more mobile, they may move as a gas in which they no longer depend on each other-The atoms are independent as the gas particles. We call the later state as a liquid state and the earlier state as a solid state of matter.

a) To see the actions of the atoms on each other, the temperature of a system may be raised up to a critical temperature. For the liquid state, on heating the system beyond the so-called critical temperature, the system becomes a gas. The liquid is densely packed up to the critical temperature and is loosely packed for that higher temperature, while the gas is loosely packed for all the temperature of the system.

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